Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in over 65-year-old Nephroprotection Program Patients in Colombia

Background: Studies evaluating chronic kidney disease in older adults are scarce despite the high prevalence of the disease in this age group. In this study we have tried to determine the factors associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease in a group of patients over 65 years old. Methods: An analytical observational study of a prospective non-concurrent cohort was performed. We included patients older than 65 years belonging to a nephroprotection program and then, we followed them for 12 months. The variables of interest were age, sex, history of diabetes mellitus, serum creatinine at baseline and at 12-month follow-up, blood pressure and use of antihypertensive drugs, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein, cholesterol levels, proteinuria, and use of antiplatelet agents. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated at baseline and at 12-month follow-up, lastly the progression of chronic kidney disease was established. Results: 200 patients were included with an average age of 78.9 + 7.6 years, 51 % (102) females, 33 % (66) with a history of diabetes mellitus, with a mean initial eGFR 38.8 + 12.1 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean of the final eGFR was 36.4 + 11.0 mL/min/ 1.73 m2 ; 17.5 % (35) presented a decrease > 25 % of the initial eGFR (progression) and 37.5 % (75) showed a decrease > 5mL/min/1.73m2/ year (rapid progression). Progression and rapid progression were significantly associated with age (p = 0.03 and p = 0.001, respectively), male sex (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) and proteinuria (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant associations with other variables of interest. Conclusion: In our study, the progression of chronic kidney disease in patients older than 65 years in a nephroprotection program was significantly associated with the increased age, male sex, and presence of proteinuria.

Antecedentes: los estudios que evalúan la enfermedad renal crónica en adultos mayores son escasos, a pesar de la alta prevalencia de esta enfermedad en este grupo de edad. En este estudio hemos intentado determinar los factores asociados a la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en un grupo de pacientes mayores de 65 años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de una cohorte prospectiva no concurrente. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 65 años pertenecientes a un programa de nefroprotección y se les siguió durante 12 meses. Las variables de interés fueron edad, sexo, antecedentes de diabetes mellitus, creatinina sérica al inicio y a los 12 meses de seguimiento, presión arterial y uso de fármacos antihipertensivos, niveles de colesterol, lipoproteínas de alta densidad y lipoproteínas de baja densidad, proteinuria y uso de antiagregantes plaquetarios. La tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (TFGe) se calculó tanto al inicio como a los 12 meses de seguimiento y se estableció la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica. Resultados: se incluyeron 200 pacientes con una edad promedio de 78,9 + 7,6 años, 51 % (102) mujeres, 33 % (66) con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus, con TFGe inicial promedio 38,8 + 12,1 mL/min/1,73 m2. La media del TFGe final fue de 36,4 + 11,0 mL/min/ 1,73 m2; El 17,5 % (35) presentó una disminución > 25 % del TFGe inicial (progresión) y el 37,5 % (75) presentó una disminución > 5mL/min/1,73m2/año (progresión rápida). La progresión y la progresión rápida se asociaron significativamente con la edad (p = 0,03 y p = 0,001, respectivamente), el sexo masculino (p < 0,001 y p < 0,001, respectivamente) y la proteinuria (p < 0,001 y p < 0,001, respectivamente). No hubo asociaciones significativas con otras variables de interés. Conclusión: en nuestro estudio, la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes mayores de 65 años en programa de nefroprotección se asoció significativamente con el aumento de la edad, el sexo masculino y la presencia de proteinuria.

Is the adhesive or mechanical behavior of glass ceramics influenced by the adhesive layer application after etching and silanization? A literature review

Aim: This review investigated the effect of applying an adhesive after surface treatment of glass-ceramics on the bonding, mechanical or clinical behavior. Methods: Studies comparing the adhesive, mechanical or clinical behavior of glass-ceramics, with or without adhesive application after surface treatment, were included. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases (January 2022), resulting in 15 included studies. Results: Regarding the evaluated outcomes, 13 studies assessed bond strength, 2 studies assessed biaxial flexural strength and 1 study assessed fatigue failure load, while no study evaluating clinical outcomes was included. It was possible to observe that the adhesive application after ceramic surface treatment was unfavorable or did not influence the evaluated outcomes. Conclusion: Most of the evidence available in the literature shows that the adhesive application after surface treatment does not improve the adhesive and mechanical behavior of glass-ceramics

Fatigue resistance of monolithic and multilayer zirconia crowns using veneer layering or CAD-on technique

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the fatigue resistance of monolithic zirconia (Yz) and multilayer ceramic structures using the CAD-on technique in different thicknesses. Fifty (N=50) standardized single crowns preparations were made in fiberglass-reinforced epoxy resin (NEMA grade G10), digitalized, and restorations were machined in CAD-CAM, composing 5 groups (n= 10): Control: 1.5 mm (milled zirconia framework + manual layered porcelain); Yz monolithic 1.5 mm; Yz monolithic 1.0 mm; CAD-on 1.5 mm; and CAD-on 1.0 mm (milled zirconia framework 0.5 mm thickness bonded by a low fuse ceramic to a milled lithium disilicate layer of 1.0 mm or 0.5 mm, respectively). The G10 bases were conditioned with 10% hydrofluoric acid; the crowns were air abraded with 110 μm alumina particles; and then luted onto each other with self-adhesive resin cement. A cyclic fatigue test was performed (initial load: 400N for 10,000 cycles, frequency of 20 Hz, step size of 200N) until failure, and the data was submitted to a survival statistical analysis. No failures were observed at Yz monolithic 1.5 mm. High and similar performance was observed for Cad-On groups and Yz monolithic 1.0 mm. The control group depicted the worst behavior. The Weibull modulus of CAD-on 1.5 mm was higher than the control while being similar to the other conditions. Both the monolithic systems and the CAD-on technique showed high and similar fatigue fracture behavior and survival rates, which were also higher than the control bilayer system. Both systems reduced the occurrence of delamination failures, making them suitable for clinical use.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento à fadiga de estruturas cerâmicas monolíticas de zircônia (Yz) e multicamadas utilizando a técnica CAD-on em diferentes espessuras. Cinquenta (N=50) preparos unitários padronizados foram confeccionados em resina epóxi reforçada com fibra de vidro (NEMA grau G10), digitalizados e as restaurações usinadas em CAD-CAM, compondo 5 grupos (n= 10): Controle: 1,5 mm (estrutura de zircônia fresada + porcelana estratificada manualmente); Yz monolítica 1,5 mm; Yz monolítica 1,0 mm; CAD-on em 1,5 mm; e CAD-on 1,0 mm (estrutura de zircônia fresada com 0,5 mm de espessura ligada por uma cerâmica de baixa fusão a uma camada de dissilicato de lítio fresado de 1,0 mm ou 0,5 mm, respectivamente). As bases do G10 foram condicionadas com ácido fluorídrico a 10%; as coroas foram jateadas com partículas de alumina de 110 μm; e então cimentadas uma sobre a outra com cimento resinoso autoadesivo. Foi realizado um teste de fadiga cíclica (carga inicial: 400N para 10.000 ciclos, frequência de 20 Hz, step de 200N) até a falha, e os dados foram submetidos a uma análise estatística de sobrevivência. Nenhuma falha foi observada para Yz monolítica de 1,5 mm. Desempenho alto e semelhante foi observado para os grupos Cad-On e Yz monolítica 1,0 mm. O grupo controle apresentou o pior comportamento. O módulo de Weibull do CAD-on 1,5 mm foi maior que o grupo controle, sendo semelhante às outras condições. Tanto os sistemas monolíticos quanto a técnica CAD-on apresentaram alto e semelhante desempenho mecânico e taxas de sobrevivência, que também foram superiores ao sistema bicamada de controle. Ambos os sistemas reduziram a ocorrência de falhas de delaminação, tornando-os adequados para uso clínico.

Influence of number and position of porcelain specimens in the furnace on flexural strength and translucency

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the quantity and positioning of feldspathic ceramic specimens inside the furnace on their flexural strength and translucency. The tested hypotheses were that the arrangement of specimens in the furnance would not influence 1) the translucency or 2) the biaxial strength of the porcelain. Methods: Ninety porcelain specimens were made (1.2 mm thickness and 13.5 mm diameter) and assigned into two main groups (n=15): G1 group - 15 firing cycles containing only one specimen each, always at the center of the refractory; and G5 group - 15 firing cycles containing five specimen each, where one specimen was at the center of the refractory and four specimens positioned equidistantly on the periphery. The translucency test was performed using a spectrophotometer, followed by the flexural strength test, according to ISO 6872:2015. T-student test was performed for both the mechanical and optical obtained data. Results: The flexural strength of the porcelain was not affected by the positioning (center x periphery) of the specimens inside the furnace (p =0.08), but the translucency was affected (periphery > center; p =0.009). Regarding to the number of feldspathic ceramic specimens, the biaxial flexural strength was affected (p =0.025), as well as the translucency (p <0.05). Conclusion: A higher quantity of feldspathic ceramic specimens for each firing cycle decreased its biaxial flexural strength and translucency. Also, specimens positioned at the center of the refractory became less translucent than those positioned at the periphery.

Tratamiento endoscópico de una fístula aguda tras gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica / Endoscopic treatment of an acute fistula after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy / Tratamento endoscópico de uma fístula aguda após gastrectomia vertical laparoscópica

La fístula gástrica aguda es una de las principales complicaciones vinculadas a la gastrectomía vertical laparoscópica (GVL). Existen múltiples opciones terapéuticas para su resolución, siendo el tratamiento endoscópico mediante colocación de clips o stents uno de los más importantes. La aplicabilidad de cada método va a depender del tipo de fístula y del estado del paciente. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 35 años, que desarrolla una fístula aguda posterior a una GVL. Se realiza tratamiento endoscópico con colocaciónn del sistema "over-the-scope clip" (Ovesco®) a nivel del orificio fistuloso, con posterior colocaciónn de stent metálico auto expandible.

Acute gastric fistula is one of the main complications associated with laparoscopic vertical gastrectomy (LVG). There are multiple therapeutic options for its resolution, being endoscopic treatment by placing clips or stents one of the most important. The applicability of each method will depend on the type of fistula and the patient's condition. We present the case of a 35-year-old woman who developed an acute fistula after LGV. Endoscopic treatment is performed with placement of the over-the-scope clip system (Ovesco®) at the level of the fistulous orifice, with subsequent placement of a self-expanding metal stent.

A fístula gástrica aguda é uma das principais complicações associadas à gastrectomia vertical laparoscópica (GVL). Existem múltiplas opções terapêuticas para a sua resolução, sendo o tratamento endoscópico com colocação de clipes ou stents uma das mais importantes. A aplicabilidade de cada método dependerá do tipo de fístula e do estado do paciente. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 35 anos que apresentou uma fístula aguda após GVL. O tratamento endoscópico foi realizado com a colocação do sistema de clipe over-the-scope (Ovesco®) no nível do orifício fistuloso, com posterior colocação de stent metálico autoexpansível.

Associação entre o conhecimento tático declarativo e o nível de ansiedade de jovens praticantes de futsal / Association between declarative tactical knowledge and the anxiety level of young futsal practitioners / Asociación entre el conocimiento táctico declarativo y el nivel de ansiedad de los jóvenes practicantes de fútbol sala

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se há associação entre o conhecimento tático declarativo e o nível de ansiedade, de acordo com o sexo, de jovens praticantes de futsal. Participaram do estudo raticantes de futsal em nível escolar. Para análise do conhecimento tático declarativo (CTD) foi utilizado o Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo - Futsal 2. Para análise do nível de ansiedade foi aplicado o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado. O sexo masculino apresentou melhor pontuação para melhor decisão e escore total no CTD em relação ao sexo feminino. Para ansiedade, não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os escores obtidos entre os grupos, assim como não foram observadas correlações significativas entre ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado com os escores obtidos no CTD. Conclui-se que meninos apresentam maiores níveis de CTD do que as meninas, porém, o nível de ansiedade parece não influenciar no CTD dos escolares.

The aim of this study was to verify whether there is an association between declarative tactical knowledge and the level of anxiety, according to gender of young futsal practitioners. 25 boys and 11 girls who practice futsal at school participated in the study. Declararative Tactical Knowledge Test ­ Futsal 2 was used to analyze the declarative tactical knowledge (DTK). For the analysis of the level of anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was applied. Boys had better score for better decision and total score on the DTK compared to girls. For anxiety, no significant difference were observed for the scores obtained between the groups, as well no significant correlations between trait-anxiety and state-anxiety with the scores obtained in the DTK. It is concluded that boys have higher levels of DTK than girls, however, the level of anxiety does not seem to influence the students' DTK.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar si existe asociación entre el conocimiento táctico declarativo y el nivel de ansiedad, según lo género, de los jóvenes practicantes de fútbol sala. Participaron 25 ninõs y 11 ninãs que practican fútbol sala en la escuela. Para el análisis del conocimiento táctico declarativo (CTD) se utilizó el Test de Conocimiento Táctico Declarativo ­ Futsal 2. Para análisis del nivel de ansiedad se aplicó el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo. Los niños obtuvieron mejores puntajes para una mejor decisión y total en el CTD en comparación con las niñas. Para la ansiedad, no se observaron diferencias significativas para las puntuaciones obtenidas entre los grupos, así como tampoco correlaciones significativas entre rasgo-ansiedad y estado-ansiedad con las puntuaciones del CTD. Se concluye que los niños tienen niveles más altos de CTD que las niñas, sin enbargo, el nivel de ansiedad no parece influir en el CTD de ellos.

Cytotoxic Effects of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen Zinc (II)-Nicotinamide Ternary Complexes in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract Breast cancer is one of the leading types of cancer worldwide, and the search for new treatment options are crucial. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -specially ibuprofen and diclofenac-, have shown antitumoral effect against several types of cancer. The synthesis of organometallic compounds has shown significant improvements in pharmacological properties and efficacy of organic molecules. Two zinc II ternary complexes containing the NSAIDs diclofenac and ibuprofen and nicotinamide neutral linker (Nic) were obtained by the two-step solvent metalligand complexation method. The compounds Zn2(Diclof)4(Nic)2 (complex 1) and Zn2(Ibup)4(Nic)2 (complex 2) were tested in breast cancer cell lines (4T1, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) to evaluate their cytotoxicity, comparing to ibuprofen and diclofenac as controls. We found that both complex 1 and 2 exerted more than 60% reduction in 4T1 viability at 250µM, and complex 2 decreased cell viability at 250 µM and 137.5 µM in MCF-7 (34.35% and 26.42% reduction, respectively) and in MDA-MB-231 (57.2% and 22.88% reduction, respectively), all compared to controls. Complex 1 was selective only in MCF-7, and complex 2 was selective in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. In summary, our data showed that the cytotoxic effect of complex 1 and 2 is increased comparing to their original NSAID in different breast cancer cell lines, highlighting their potential anti-tumoral activity.

Síndrome de Plummer-Vinson: a propósito de un caso / Plummer-Vinson syndrome: a case study / Síndrome de Plummer-Vinson: relato de caso

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 40 años que consultó por astenia, adinamia, mareos y disnea progresiva de diez meses de evolución agregando en los últimos cuatro meses disfagia intermitente para sólidos. La radiografía esofágica con bario evidenció la presencia de una estenosis subcricoidea con buen pasaje distal y la videogastroscopía demostró inmediatamente por debajo del cricofaríngeo una membrana fibrosa estenosante. Se realizó tratamiento con hierro vía oral y reiteradas sesiones de dilatación con balón que lograron la resolución de los síntomas. El síndrome de Plummer-Vinson es una entidad poco frecuente caracterizada por la tríada anemia ferropénica, disfagia y membrana esofágica alta.

The study presents the case of a 40 year old female patient who consulted for asthenia, adynamia, dizziness and progressive dyspnea with 10 months of evolution, evidencing intermittent solid dysphagia in the last 4 months. Barium X-rays of the esophagus evidenced subcricoid stenosis with good distal passage and the gastroscopy immediately showed a stenosing fibrous membrane under the cricopharyngeal. Iron oral treatment was initiated and several sessions with a balloon catheter which solved the symptoms. Plummer-inson syndrome is a rare entity characterized by iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia and a high esophageal membrane.

Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de sexo feminino de 40 anos que consultou por astenia, adinamia, tontura e dispneia progressiva com 10 meses de evolução e disfagia intermitente para sólidos nos últimos 4 meses. A radiografia esofágica com bário mostrou a presença de estenose abaixo da cartilagem cricoide com boa passagem distal e a endoscopia digestiva alta evidenciou membrana fibrosa estenosante logo abaixo do cricofaríngeo. Realizou-se tratamento com ferro por via oral e várias sessões de dilatação com balão com eliminação dos sintomas. A síndrome de Plummer-Vinson é uma doença rara caracterizada pela tríade ferropenia, disfagia e membrana esofágica alta.

Milk quality: milking personnel associated factors / Calidad de la leche: factores asociados al personal vinculado al ordeño

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify factors associated with high and low Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) levels in bulk tanks of dairy farms in Southeast Brazil. Materials and methods. A total of 68 dairy herds with high and low bulk tank SCC levels were analyzed. Surveys and checklists were applied to the personnel regarding milking routines and equipment. Results. Milkers and management personnel explained up to 40.28% of the variability among herds, while the milker's well-being and stability explained up to 28%. Planning and organization were relevant for SCC, as well as the state of the equipment and the milking routine. According to separate analyzes of employees and owners, employees have greater variability in terms of knowledge on milk production, mastitis, milking routine, and experience. Conclusion. There are qualifying factors in milking systems in southeastern Brazil associated with milking personnel, equipment and milking routine. Understanding these factors will enable the implementation of strategies to produce better quality milk.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar factores asociados a altos y bajos niveles de recuentos de células somáticas (RCS) en tanques de hatos lecheros del Sudeste de Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 68 hatos lecheros con niveles altos y bajos de RCS en tanque. Para identificar factores asociados al personal vinculado al ordeño y relacionarlos con RCS se aplicaron encuestas y listas de chequeo para la rutina y el equipo de ordeño. Resultados. El personal vinculado al ordeño, administración y gestión del productor explicaron hasta el 40.28% de la variabilidad entre rebaños, mientras que el bienestar y la estabilidad del ordeñador explicaron hasta el 28%. La planeación y organización del productor fueron relevantes en el RCS, al igual que el estado del equipo y la rutina de ordeño. Análisis separados de empleado y propietario permitieron concluir que existe mayor variabilidad para los primeros, diferenciándose por conocimientos en la producción de leche y el manejo de la mastitis, la rutina y la experiencia. Conclusión. Existen factores clasificatorios en los sistemas de ordeño del sudeste de Brasil asociados al personal, el equipo y la rutina de ordeño. El entendimiento de estos factores posibilitará la implementación de estrategias que permitan producir leche de mejor calidad.

Abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico de las patologías del intestino delgado mediante cápsula endoscópica y enteroscopía de doble balón / Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to small bowel disorders through capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy

Las múltiples patologías del intestino delgado han supuesto un enorme desafío para gastroenterólogos y endoscopistas debido a las muy bajas tasas de rédito diagnóstico que las diferentes técnicas paraclínicas ofrecían. El advenimiento de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopía de doble balón ha permitido una exploración total, segura y eficiente del intestino delgado lo que ha generado un impacto real en el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de nuestros pacientes.La cápsula endoscópica es un procedimiento seguro, mínimamente invasivo, no precisa sedación, no genera dolor y permite observar la totalidad del intestino delgado. Por su parte la enteroscopía de doble balón es la técnica endoscópica complementaria necesaria para brindar una intervención terapéutica (cauterizar angiodisplasias, polipectomías, toma de biopsias) logrando así un abordaje resolutivo de las diversas patologías.

Many small bowel disorders represent a great challenge for gastroenterologists and endoscopists due to the very low rates of success showed by the different diagnosis techniques. The advent of the capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy has allowed a total, secure and efficient examination of the small bowel, which represents a real impact in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of our patients. The capsule endoscopy is a safe, minimally invasive procedure, which does not need sedation, does not cause pain, and allows the observation of the totality of the small bowel. Furthermore, the double-balloon endoscopy is the complementary technique necessary to provide a therapeutic procedure (cauterizing angiodysplasia, polypectomy, biopsies), and hence achieving resolution of various disorders.

Prevalencia de cáncer colorrectal en pacientes en valoración preoperatoria de hernia de la pared abdominal / Prevalence of colorectal cancer in patients in preoperative assessment of abdominal wall herniation

Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la tercera causa de muerte por cáncer en hombres y la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en mujeres de nuestro país. Se ha sugerido que los pacientes con hernias de pared abdominal tendrían más posibilidades de asociar CCR, lo que ha llevado a recomendar por parte de numerosas sociedades científicas la realización de videocolonoscopía (VCC) para búsqueda de CCR previo a la resolución quirúrgica de las hernias. Estudios más recientes han cuestionado esta indicación, no recomendando la realización de VCC en pacientes con hernias de la pared abdominal sin otra sintomatología. Objetivo: Específico. Establecer la prevalencia de CCR y lesiones preneoplásicas en pacientes en valoración preoperatoria de hernias de pared abdominal. Secundario. Establecer si existe asociación estadística entre CCR y la aparición de hernias abdominales. Material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de casos controles que incluyó a pacientes que concurrieron en el período comprendido entre enero de 2006 y febrero de 2014 al servicio de Endoscopía Digestiva del Hospital de Clínicas. Se definieron como casos los pacientes a quienes se les había indicado una VCC previa a la reparación quirúrgica de su hernia de pared abdominal y se definieron como controles al grupo de pacientes que concurrió al mismo servicio en el mismo período a realizarse VCC para tamizaje de cáncer de colon. Resultados: en el grupo de casos se incluyeron 225 pacientes. En este, 55 VCC (24,4%) fueron incompletas por diversos motivos (56,4% por intolerancia). Se encontraron dos pacientes (0,9%) con cáncer de colon (uno cáncer de colon ascendente y el otro cáncer de colon descendente). En el grupo control se incluyeron 230 pacientes. En este grupo, un paciente (0,43%) presentó cáncer de colon ascendente; 21 VCC (9,1%) fueron parciales debido a intolerancia en el mayor porcentaje de los casos. Discusión: está demostrada la relación entre patologías que aumentan la presión intraabdominal y la posterior aparición de hernias, por lo que se podría pensar que un CCR sintomático pueda desencadenar la aparición de las mismas; sin embargo, no existe fundamento que sustente que un CCR asintomático pueda provocar lo mismo. En este estudio no hubo diferencias significativas en la frecuencia de CCR entre el grupo de casos y controles. Conclusiones: la decisión de realizar o no una VCC debería seguir los lineamientos habituales recomendados por las sociedades científicas respecto al screening de CCR y no basarse en la sola presencia de las hernias para realizar dicho estudio.

Abstract Introduction: colorectal cancer is the third cause of death for cancer in men and the second cause of cancer in women in our country. It has been suggested that patients with abdominal wall hernias would have more chances of associating colorectal cancer, what has led many scientific societies to recommend patients to undergo a video colonoscopy to look for colorectal cancer prior to the surgical treatment of the hernia. More recent studies have questioned such indication, and do not recommend the video colonoscopy I patients with abdominal wall hernias in the absence of other symptoms. Objective: Specific. To determine the prevalence of colorectal cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions in patients during preoperative assessment of abdominal wall hernias. Secondary. To determine if there is a statistical connection between colorectal cancer and abdominal wall hernias. Method: we conducted a retrospective study of control cases, which included patients who were seen at the Digestive Endoscopy Unit of the University Hospital between January 2006 and February 2014. Cases were defined between when a colonoscopy had been indicated prior to the surgical repair of their abdominal wall hernia, and the control group was made up of patients who were seen at the same unit, during the same period of time, seeking for a video colonoscopy for a colorectal cancer screening. Results: 225 patients were included in the cases group. Within this group, 55 video colonoscopies (24.4%) were incomplete for several reasons (56.4% due to intolerance). Two patients (0.9%) were diagnosed with colorectal cancer (one of cancer in the ascending colon and the other one cancer in the descending colon). 230 patients were included in the control group. In this group, one patient (0.43%) presented cancer in the ascending colon, 21 colorectal cancer (9.1%) were partial given to intolerance, in most cases. Discusion: the association between conditions that increase intra-abdominal pressure and result in hernias has been proved; and for this reason it could be thought that a symptomatic colorectal cancer could cause them. However, there is no evidence that indicates that an asymptomatic colorectal cancer could cause the same. In this study there were no meaning differences in the frequency of colorectal cancer between the case and the control groups. Conclusions: the decision as to whether to perform a video colonoscopy or not should follow the usual guidelines recommended by the scientific societies regarding the colorectal cancer screening instead of basing the decis0ion on the presence of hernias.

Resumo Introdução: a radio-quimioterapia é uma opção de tratamento curativo do carcinoma de cérvix, particularmente em pacientes do meio hospitalar uruguaio cujo diagnóstico é feito em estádios localmente avançados. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os resultados terapêuticos e a toxicidade crônica deste tratamento no Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Método: foram incluídas 164 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma cérvico-uterino que completaram o tratamento de radio-quimioterapia no período junho de 2006 - novembro de 2008. A radioterapia externa (RTE) foi feita por irradiação pélvica (concomitante com cisplatina semanal) e braquiterapia (BT) útero-vaginal. A dose biológica efetiva para tumor, reto e bexiga foi calculada. A taxa de controle loco-regional e a sobrevida aos cinco anos foram calculadas e também as complicações crônicas utilizando o método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: a sobrevida global obtida foi de 67% aos cinco anos, mostrando diferenças significativas entre o estádio II (78%) e o estádio III (49%) (Log-rank test, p = 0,0002). A taxa de complicações crônicas graus 3-4, de acordo com a RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group), foi 1,8% para as urinarias e 3,7% para as digestivas. O controle local inicial foi de 89% e a persistência da lesão de 10,3%; recidiva loco-regional (RL) em todo o período: 19,5%; metástases com ou sem RL: 10,3%. Conclusões: a eficácia terapêutica da radioquimioterapia no câncer de cérvix no nosso meio foi confirmada. A maioria das recidivas ou persistências foi devida a falta de controle loco-regional depois do tratamento inicial. O tratamento foi bem tolerado, com baixa porcentagem de complicações crônicas, comparável a referências internacionais.

Nueva técnica de diagnóstico y tratamiento en intestino delgado en Uruguay: primeras 20 enteroscopías de doble balón / New diagnostic and treatment technique in the small intestine in Uruguay. First 20 double balloon enteroscopies

Introducción: la video cápsula endoscópica (VCE) y la enteroscopía de doble balón (EDB) han cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías del intestino delgado (ID). Objetivo: valorar la utilidad diagnóstica y terapéutica de la EDB en enfermedades del ID. Pacientes, material y método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, de las primeras 20 EDB realizadas en nuestro servicio de endoscopía. Los pacientes fueron referidos por sospecha de patología del ID y contaban con estudios endoscópicos o imagenológicos previos. Se utilizó un videoenteroscopio EN-450, Fujinon, de 2.000 mm de longitud y sobretubo TS-12140 Fujinon. Resultados: se realizaron 20 EDB en 19 pacientes (14 hombres con edad promedio de 52,2 años y 5 mujeres con edad promedio de 58,6 años). El abordaje oral fue de elección en 15 procedimientos y el anal en cuatro, un paciente requirió doble abordaje. La indicación más frecuente fue la búsqueda de sangrado intestinal de origen desconocido y el hallazgo más común fueron las angiodisplasias, que fueron tratadas con coagulación con gas argón. Conclusiones: la EDB es una herramienta útil y necesaria para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las patologías del ID, pudiendo brindar a nuestros pacientes una solución terapéutica que hasta hace pocos años no era posible en nuestro país.

Abstract Introduction: the capsule endoscopy video and the double balloon enteroscopy have dramatically changed diagnosis and treatment of small intestine pathologies. Objective: to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of double balloon enteroscopy in small intestine diseases. Patients, material and method: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive study on the first 20 double balloon enteroscopies performed in our endoscopy service. Patients were referred for suspicion of small intestine pathology, and they had previous endoscopic exams or imagenology. An EN-450, 2,000 mm long Fujinon and TS-12140 overtube videoenteroscopy was used. Results: 20 double balloon enteroscopies were performed in 19 patients (14 men, average age was 58.6 years old). Oral approach was chosen in 15 procedures and the anal in four, a patient required double approach. The most frequent indication was search for intestine bleeding of unknown origin, and the most common finding was angiodysplasias, which were treated with argon gas coagulation. Conclusions: double balloon enteroscopies is a useful and necessary tool for the diagnosis and treatment of small intestine pathologies, and we were able to provide our patients with a therapy solution that was not available until recently.

Resumo Introdução: a cápsula endoscópica (VCE) e a enteroscopia de balão duplo (EDB) mudaram radicalmente o diagnóstico e o tratamento das patologias do intestino delgado (ID). Objetivo: avaliar a utilidade diagnóstica e terapêutica da EDB nas patologias do ID. Pacientes, material e método: um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, das primeiras 20 EDB realizadas no nosso serviço de endoscopia foi realizado. Os pacientes foram referidos por suspeita de patologia do ID e já haviam realizado estudos endoscópicos ou imagenológicos. Utilizou-se um enteroscópio EN-450, Fujinon de 2.000 mm de comprimento e overtube TS-12140 Fujinon. Resultados: foram realizadas 20 EDB em 19 pacientes (14 homens com idade média 52,2 anos e 5 mulheres com idade média 58,6 anos). A abordagem de eleição foi por via oral em 15 procedimentos e por via anal em quatro sendo que foi necessário realizar uma dupla abordagem em um paciente. A indicação mais frequente foi a pesquisa de sangrado intestinal de origem desconhecida e o achado mais comum foi angiodisplasia; estas foram tratadas com coagulação com gás argônio. Conclusões: a EDB é uma ferramenta útil e necessária para o diagnóstico e tratamento das patologias do ID, podendo oferecer a nossos pacientes uma solução terapêutica que não estava disponível no nosso país até pouco tempo atrás.

Relación entre el momento de la realización de la traqueotomía y la incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilador, y la mortalidad en adultos en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Relationship between the tracheostomy and the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality in adults admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

Objetivos: Determinar la asociación entre la traqueotomía precoz (TP) (< 7 días) y la incidencia de neumonía asociada al ventilador (NAV). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de una cohorte retrospectiva de una población de pacientes que requirieron traqueotomía durante su ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Se compararon dos grupos de pacientes: a) traqueotomía precoz (TP) en los primeros siete días; b) traqueotomía tardía (TT) a partir del octavo día. Variables estudiadas: edad, género, compromiso, momento y duración de la intubación orotraqueal (IOT), microorganismos aislados en cultivos de secreción traqueal, incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAV), duración de la estancia en la UCI y mortalidad. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariado, para determinar los factores asociados al desarrollo de neumonía. Resultados: Se estudiaron 85 pacientes. La media +/– desviación estándar de edad fue de 61,5 +/– 2 años. Los microorganismos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), Enterobacter cloacae (6,6%) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6,6%). La mediana (rango intercuartílico) del momento (día) de realización de la traqueotomía (p 0,0000) y de la duración de la estancia (días) en la UCI (p 0,0010) fue estadísticamente mayor en el grupo sometido a traqueotomía tardía. La incidencia de NAV fue del 10,5% (9) y la mortalidad en adultos en la UCI fue del 27,3% (23). Conclusiones: La traqueotomía precoz no se asoció significativamente con la incidencia de NAV y la mortalidad, tanto en el análisis crudo como en el ajustado...

Objectives: To determine the association between early tracheostomy (TP) (< 7 days) and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Materials and Methods: Observational study of a retrospective cohort of a population of patients who required tracheostomy for admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Data were compared in two groups of patients: a) early tracheostomy (PT) in the first 7 days, b) late tracheostomy (TT) from the 8th day. Variables studied: age, gender, commitment, time and duration of intubation (OTI), microorganisms isolated from tracheal secretion cultures, incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), duration of stay and ICU mortality. We performed a multivariate logistic regression model to determine factors associated with the development of pneumonia. Results: We studied 85 patients, the mean +/– SD age was 61.5 +/– 2.02 years. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%), Enterobacter cloacae (6.6%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.6%). The median (interquartile range) of time (day) of performing tracheotomy (p 0.0000) and length of stay (days) in the ICU (p 0.0010) was statistically higher in the group receiving late tracheostomy. The incidence of VAP was 10.5% (9) and Adult Mortality in ICU was 27.3% (23). Conclusions: Early tracheotomy was not significantly associated with the incidence of VAP and mortality is crude analysis as the ajusted analysis...